Collection Interface in Java

The root interface in the collection hierarchy. A collection represents a group of objects, known as its elements. Some collections allow duplicate elements and others do not. Some are ordered and others unordered. The SDK does not provide any direct implementations of this interface: it provides implementations of more specific subinterfaces like Set and List. This interface is typically used to pass collections around and manipulate them where maximum generality is desired. 

Methods of Collection Interface

We will discuss about the following categories of methods that operates on a Collection :

• Adding and Removing an element
• Query operations
• Group Operations
• Converting from New Collections to Historical Collection 

Adding and Removing an element

1) public boolean add(Object o)

Ensures that this collection contains the specified element (optional operation). Returns true if this collection changed as a result of the call. (Returns false if this collection does not permit duplicates and already contains the specified element.)

Collections that support this operation may place limitations on what elements may be added to this collection. In particular, some collections will refuse to add null elements, and others will impose restrictions on the type of elements that may be added. Collection classes should clearly specify in their documentation any restrictions on what elements may be added.

If a collection refuses to add a particular element for any reason other than that it already contains the element, it must throw an exception (rather than returning false). This preserves the invariant that a collection always contains the specified element after this call returns.

Parameters:

o - element whose presence in this collection is to be ensured.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - add is not supported by this collection.

ClassCastException - class of the specified element prevents it from being added to this collection.

NullPointerException - if the specified element is null and this collection does not support null elements.

IllegalArgumentException - some aspect of this element prevents it from being added to this collection.

2) public boolean remove(Object o)

Removes a single instance of the specified element from this collection, if it is present (optional operation). More formally, removes an element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)), if this collection contains one or more such elements. Returns true if this collection contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this collection changed as a result of the call).

Parameters:

o - element to be removed from this collection, if present.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the type of the specified element is incompatible with this collection (optional).

NullPointerException - if the specified element is null and this collection does not support null elements (optional).

UnsupportedOperationException - remove is not supported by this collection

Query Operations

1) public int size()

Returns the number of elements in this collection. If this collection contains more than Integer.MAX_VALUE elements, returns Integer.MAX_VALUE.

Returns:

the number of elements in this collection

2) public boolean isEmpty()

Returns true if this collection contains no elements. 

Returns:

true if this collection contains no elements

3) public boolean contains(Object o)

Returns true if this collection contains the specified element. More formally, returns true if and only if this collection contains at least one element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).

Parameters:

o - element whose presence in this collection is to be tested.

Returns:

true if this collection contains the specified element

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the type of the specified element is incompatible with this collection (optional).

NullPointerException - if the specified element is null and this collection does not support null elements (optional).

4) public Iterator iterator()

Returns an iterator over the elements in this collection. There are no guarantees concerning the order in which the elements are returned (unless this collection is an instance of some class that provides a guarantee).

        Returns:
              an Iterator over the elements in this collection

5) public boolean equals(Object o)

Compares the specified object with this collection for equality.

The programmers who implement the Collection interface should listen the following points:

• To implement a "value comparison" in place of the default "reference comparison."
•  The equals must be symmetric (in other words, a.equals(b) if and only if b.equals(a)).
• A custom equals method for a collection class that implements neither the List nor Set interface must return false when this collection is compared to any list or set (NOTE: List.equals and Set.equals are only equal to other lists and sets respectively).

Overrides:

equals in class Object

Parameters:

o - Object to be compared for equality with this collection.

Returns:

true if the specified object is equal to this collection

6) public int hashCode()

Returns the hash code value for this collection. While the Collection interface adds no stipulations to the general contract for the Object.hashCode method, programmers should take note that any class that overrides the Object.equals method must also override the Object.hashCode method in order to satisfy the general contract for the Object.hashCodemethod. In particular, c1.equals(c2) implies that c1.hashCode()==c2.hashCode().

Overrides:

hashCode in class Object

Returns:

the hash code value for this collection

 Group Operations

1) public boolean containsAll(Collection c)

Returns true if this collection contains all of the elements in the specified collection.               

Parameters:

c - collection to be checked for containment in this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection contains all of the elements in the specified collection

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the types of one or more elements in the specified collection are incompatible with this collection (optional).

NullPointerException - if the specified collection contains one or more null elements and this collection does not support null elements (optional).

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null.

2) public boolean addAll(Collection c)

Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this collection (optional operation). The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if the specified collection is this collection, and this collection is nonempty.)

Parameters:

c - elements to be inserted into this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if this collection does not support the addAll method.

ClassCastException - if the class of an element of the specified collection prevents it from being added to this collection.

NullPointerException - if the specified collection contains one or more null elements and this collection does not support null elements, or if the specified collection is null.

IllegalArgumentException - some aspect of an element of the specified collection prevents it from being added to this collection.

3) public boolean removeAll(Collection c)

Removes all this collection's elements that are also contained in the specified collection (optional operation). After this call returns, this collection will contain no elements in common with the specified collection.

Parameters:

c - elements to be removed from this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the removeAll method is not supported by this collection.

ClassCastException - if the types of one or more elements in this collection are incompatible with the specified collection (optional).

NullPointerException - if this collection contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional).

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null.

4) public boolean retainAll(Collection c)

Retains only the elements in this collection that are contained in the specified collection (optional operation). In other words, removes from this collection all of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.

Parameters:

c - elements to be retained in this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the retainAll method is not supported by this Collection.

ClassCastException - if the types of one or more elements in this collection are incompatible with the specified collection (optional).

NullPointerException - if this collection contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional).

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null.

Converting from New Collections to Historical Collection

1) public Object[] toArray()

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection. If the collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in the same order.

The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are maintained by this collection. (In other words, this method must allocate a new array even if this collection is backed by an array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.

This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs.

      Returns:an array containing all of the elements in this collection


2) public Object[] toArray(Object[] a)

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the collection fits in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this collection.

If this collection fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more elements than this collection), the element in the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to null. This is useful in determining the length of this collection only if the caller knows that this collection does not contain any null elements.)

If this collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in the same order.

Like the toArray method, this method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may, under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs

Suppose l is a List known to contain only strings. The following code can be used to dump the list into a newly allocated array of String: String[] x = (String[]) v.toArray(new String[0]);

Note that toArray(new Object[0]) is identical in function to toArray().

Parameters:

a - the array into which the elements of this collection are to be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.

Returns:

an array containing the elements of this collection

Throws:

ArrayStoreException - the runtime type of the specified array is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in this collection.

NullPointerException - if the specified array is null.


The Links you may like:

Collection Interface in Java

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